East Asia Economic Development

America decided to engage in country building endeavors in South East Asia by empowering financial advancement so as to cultivate social congruity and local turn of events. America urged the nations to disassemble state-drove showcase frameworks and actualize free market systems.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on East Asia Economic Development explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More There was anyway lopsided monetary development as certain nations, for example, Thailand and Singapore having money related emergency while Japan, Taiwan and Korea thrived. Japan previously had a fundamental institutional structure with an able bureaucratic framework. Taiwan and Korea had just moved to a degree of industrialization from the 1950’s to take an interest in high exportation of their made items. Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia become send out arranged in industry merchandise twenty years after the fact. Moreover they didn't have administrative or administ rative establishments set up to deal with free enterprise. A cash emergency that began in Thailand made outside financial specialists pull back. The money and value markets slammed. Free enterprise prompted an emergency with select people who were politically associated profiting and others languishing. In time, the district recouped anyway certain nations are not created as others. As per Stubbs, monetary development in Asia emerged out of the encounters in the War in the area and not the American and IMF approaches of free market frameworks. Stubbs analyzed the financial advancement of seven nations in Asia-Japan,Taiwan, South Korea, China, Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand. He plainly expresses that the advancement in the district was not because of neoliberalism or the impact of the United States. Neoliberalism just works in nations where there are establishments set up that implement rivalry. Without such organizations, neoliberalism bombed in East Asia because of the production of imposing business models and oligopolies prompting lopsided monetary turn of events. There have emerged imbalances with financial development just affecting certain zones or individuals in the nation. Stubbs accordingly underscores on the significance of having development in the locale along with value for ideal outcomes. It can't be expected that the selection of neoliberalism in any locale on the planet will consequently prompt ideal outcomes. East Asia Economic Development : Stubbs expresses that the upside of the World War 2 is that despite the fact that it decimated framework, it helped in wrecking the old arrangement of progressive systems and personal stakes in the district that would have become a hindrance being developed in the nations after the war. The wars gave open doors for new organizations and change in the area (Stubbs, pp 63).Advertising Looking for article on history? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Th e Korean War in Asia helped the whole Asian area in a few different ways. Japan turns into a gracefully and assembling territory for the U.S military. The high product costs gave Singapore, Thailand and Malaysia a great deal of riches that empowered them to persuade the individuals of the significance of the war against the socialist guerillas. The socialist hazard helped the nation to accomplish two things. There was a fortifying of the state political force as the seven wilderness states. There was have to reinforce their capacity so as to avoid inward and outside assaults. Also, the locale got high volume of U.S help that helped construct the physical framework and the authoritative and security frameworks. The great connection between South Korea and United States additionally helped the nation incredibly. During the Vietnam War, South Korea was repaid by the United States in hard cash for giving more than 50,000 soldiers. South Korea, Taiwan and different nations additionally i ncreased a ton in the U.S acquisition forms during the Vietnam War as they found a prepared market for their assembling organizations. After the World War 2, Japan helped the East Asia district as it reappeared as a key territorial merchant and speculator. Considerably after the United States pulled back from the area in the 1970’s, the monetary advancement was economical in the following four decades. America supported for neoliberalism which is a market framework that advocates for generally free markets, changed exchange and privatization. The private business is offered capacity to decide the monetary and political exercises of the nation. After the virus war, the United States compelled the Asian nations to actualize neoliberalism through the IMF that wound up causing budgetary emergency and lopsided advancement in the district. The East Asian district found that the business sectors for their fares were confined when America redirected its remote direct speculation to C hina. Be that as it may, the nations have had the option to meet up and structure provincial monetary associations to manage shortcomings in their financial frameworks. References Stubbs, R. (2005). Reexamining Asia’s Economic Miracle. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on East Asia Economic Development explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This article on East Asia Economic Development was composed and put together by client Sherlyn Nieves to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

wk5SQ3R method Essays

wk5SQ3R technique Essays wk5SQ3R technique Essay wk5SQ3R technique Essay wk5SQ3R technique BY pylka2013 SQ3R Method GENII 05 December 6, 2013 Associate Level Material Appendix H SQ3R worksheet Selected perusing: Name your chose perusing and page numbers here Survey Describe the benefit of studying the perusing. I had the option to choose key ideas and perceive how data was sorted out Question What inquiries did you pose as you were perusing? What the distinction among class and group? What was the thing that matters was among essential and auxiliary gatherings? Peruse How did looking over and addressing assist you with understanding better? It helped me to concentrate on the principle zones canvassed in the material I was perusing. Present How did you choose what parts of your perusing you expected to discuss? By responding to the inquiries I had first and foremost before I read the material. Audit How frequently do you intend to survey? I would survey it twice since it was just one page of material to cover. Wrap-up questions: How effective was the SQ3R procedure in helping you handle the ideas in the segment you chose? Will you use SQ3R later on as an approach to ace the substance in scholastic readings? I feel it was effective in helping me center around the material and comprehend what I was perusing. Additionally what was of incentive in the material I was perusing. I totally expect on utilizing this technique later on and plan on remembering it for my instruments as I progress with my training, I trust it Just becomes imparted in me as nature when I get material I have to contemplate and comprehend as I move along in my courses.

Comparison of American and British English

Comparison of American and British English Many English speakers and do not realize the vast differences between American English and British English. Some might falsely assume that the two are filled with more similarities than differences, and that the rules separating American English and British English are simply finicky points that are arguable and not especially noteworthy. The fact remains that what might be considered inconsequential to some readers can be taken as serious grammatical errors when crossing the Atlantic divide.PunctuationTake, for example, the use of punctuation within quotes. Many American middle and high school students consistently confuse the rules associated with punctuating quotations. The uncertainty is so rampant, that the mystery tends to remain a significant issue during, and even after, the college years. So just where does that period go when there are quotes involved? The answer to this question changes, depending if you are looking at American English or British English grammar rules.In A merican English, it is standard for periods and commas to be placed within quotations:Their teacher dismissed them with a curt class dismissed.There is one dominant exception to this rule, and that is if the quotation is followed by a parenthetical source reference:The political game, according to Smith, seemed far less evasive than the candidates themselves (24).According to British English grammar rules, however, the punctuation is only placed within the quotation marks if it is punctuation that is a part of, or is related to, the quoted text. For example, notice the differences in which the following sentences would commonly be written, depending if the author is following American English or British English grammar rules.American English:A sign on the front door announced that the owners were out to lunch.The names given to the characters were Anabelle, Zach, and Cody.British English:A sign on the front door announced that the owners were out to lunch.The names given to the char acters were Anabelle, Zach, and Cody.With both American English and British English, semi-colons and colons are placed outside of the quotation. Writers and editors who are often confused between the two distinct sources of grammar rules will be happy to find that at least there is agreement with this one aspect of punctuation.SpellingBeyond punctuation, there are several rules relating to spelling that are significant to note. First, words that end in â€"er in American English typically end in â€"re in British English (theater vs. theatre). Additionally, words that end in â€"or in American English typically end in â€"our in British English (honor vs. honour). Finally, one of the most common differences in spelling is with American English words that contain the suffixes â€"ize or â€"yze (also â€"ization). Such words are generally spelled with â€"ise or â€"yse (or â€"isation) in British English. As with any grammar rule, there are exceptions, and any writer or editor who often switc hes between American English and British English would benefit from studying these instances in depth.Also, one of the little-known rules regarding discrepancies between American and British grammar is with verbs that end in a vowel plus l. In British English, the l in such verbs is doubled before the addition of a suffix that begins with a vowel (travel = traveller). In American English, this is not the case, and the l remains a single letter (travel = traveler). This is an issue that many spell-checker programs will not catch, especially if the program is created within the US.Some words, however, are spelled differently within British English and American English, depending on their usage. For example, while American English uses practice to denote both the noun and verb form of the word (She practiced piano often and The doctors practice was busy), British English uses practice as the noun form and practise as the verb form (She practised piano often and The doctors practice was busy). Similarly, while American English uses license as both a noun and verb, British English spells the noun form as licence and the verb form as license.In many cases with these particular words, the American English version of spelling is acceptable in the UK, as likewise the British English version is acceptable in the US. Most seasoned readers have seen the words spelled in both the British English and American English form, and understand them regardless of which continent they consider as home.Words commonly confusedIn addition to punctuation and spelling, there are words that are commonly confused between British English and American English. The list below is from the Oxford Dictionary:American/BritishJumper/Pinafore DressSweater/JumperEraser/RubberPants/TrousersPanties/PantsChips/CrispsFrench Fries/ChipsA garden in the UK is the same thing as a yard in the US, and a lounge in Britain is the same as a living room in America. Such discrepancies as these abound between the two, and complete lists can be found online.Words not usedThere are many words commonly used in American English that are not used in British English, and vice versa. Words such as burglarize and co-ed are not standard in British English writing, and could confuse audiences when used without contextual clarification. Conversely, some commonly used words in British English can lose their meaning for American audiences (for example, lorry and loo). Anyone who writes or edits for both British and American audiences should study the extensive lists of words that hold different meanings between the two forms of English language usage.

Heroes in Today’s Media, Have They Changed - 2356 Words

Heroes in Today’s Media, Have They Changed? Latonne Williamson English 122: English Composition II Instructor Terrence Westhoff April 1, 2013 Heroes in Today’s Media, Have They Changed? There are many heroes, but there are those who sit back and question what or who makes a hero in today’s society. It has never been a set standard for heroes. In this modern world, there are many types of heroes. In today’s media, there is a contrast between million dollar sports figures, glorified celebrities, and the normal people we call heroes. Some heroes receive no recognition and others receive hero status with ease. However, it has yet to be determined whether our meaning of heroes has changed due to this influence. We have known about the†¦show more content†¦The earliest recollection would be Babe Ruth. He set the slugging percentage and smacked 29 balls out of the park. The focus of these heroes last longer than the focus of what was the American hero. Some even think that modern American heroes have been displaced by celebrity superstars because of their media presence (Skola, 2005). Not only has the media created celebrity heroes they have made then seem untouchable. For example, Ray Lewis superstar linebacker of the champion ship team Baltimore Ravens. Lewis portrayed as a staunch, Christian, and an example for other to follow. This stands in contrast to the same person who was charged with homicide in 2000 after a club brawl in Atlanta left two men dead (Bisciotti,S 2013). The charges against Lewis were ultimately reduces as part of a plea deal. Families of the victims received over one million dollars in compensation from Lewis. Lewis has been a role model since this incident. It goes to prove that although everyone can change their lives, the label of hero, is too readily dished out to athletes and sports figures. The media influence has glorified and immortalized these heroes. We have relied on the media to portray as such. Do not get me wrong, their good deeds do not go unnoticed but because of the media’s stance on our heroes, these have become more important. The patterns of these heroes are media made and not a result of true heroicShow MoreRelatedLiterary Works Based On War And Heroism1003 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant simply because it gives people hope and inspires them. As stated before, Achilles and Beowulf were both thirsty for glory and I think that trait is still present in today’s time which cannot always be positive. Also, in todays time it is not the term hero that has changed. It is we who have changed. For most people, the media, pop culture, and events in society change our perception of a hero. In Beowulf, Beowulf’s thirst for glory is expressed throughout the entire story. â€Å"Inspired againRead MoreWhy We Love Tv Anti Heroes1374 Words   |  6 PagesDaniel Holland April 13, 2014 Why We Love TV’s Anti-Heroes Is it possible today’s generation gradually evolved into an era in which selfishness and evil overpowers good? Over the past years society perceives the idea of a hero differently than it was perceived in the 21st century, nevertheless impacts our society hugely. It is no surprise why youth of today enjoy T.V. shows that are driven by torture, killing, drugs and drama. In fact these are among the T.V. shows with higher ratings. HeroRead MoreComic Books And Their Influence On Society1626 Words   |  7 Pagesand their adaptations have a history of contradicting this reality. Comic books and their related renditions have often overlooked minority characters, like influential media has a tendency to, without regard to their audience (Aucoin, 2014). Superheroes have become an integral part of popular (pop) culture: the cultural preference of the mainstream populace, which holds considerable command on cultural and moral values of a society (Crossman, 2014). Because superheroes have such a powerful socialRead MoreGender Roles Of Women During World War II1551 Words   |  7 Pagesthat statement was the expectation of family life until World War II. Men held the sole responsibility for providing the income for a family prior to the war. Men left as soldiers fighting a war and came home to a new world of changes they could not have ever thought possible. Women took jobs normally reserved for men which set the wheels in motion for equality in the workplace. When women found their place in the workforce our society has been changing fast over the years since WWII, male gender rolesRead MoreThe Heroes Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh1215 Words   |  5 PagesHeroes and heroines have been gargantuan archetypes from prehistory to present. In modern times, the prominent heroes in literature and media are that of Harry Potter, Superman, Wonder Woman, and much more. There is good reason for this. In today’s sense, heroes and heroines are the epitome of what humans want in themselves. Noble, kind, selfless; these are all traits that embody the modern hero. This was not always the case, however. In ancient literature, the heroes are not good role models, mostRead MoreComparing Media Images Of Criminological Research Essay1712 Words   |  7 Pagesiii. Comparing Media Images to Criminological Research The superhero genre is so popular and influential that many studies have been done on its depictions of the groups and the impact it has on a large part of society how it has â€Å"become a staple on film, television, and in video games† (Darowski). The genre is so influential in fact, that it dates back all the way to the Ancient Greeks, and possibly even further (Haynes). Every group in history has had their mythologies and epic tales of crimeRead MoreMexican Folk Songs Or Corridos1468 Words   |  6 PagesMexican folk songs or corridos have encounter great change over the years. Some of the changes of corridos can be credited to the different culture we live in now. Corridos in the past have been about the Mexican-American War, but most recently corridos began to be about life struggles such as immigration and the violent drug war. While the topics of corridos have changed over the years, corridos keep a familiar format with focusing on key issues of oppression, daily lif e, and socially relevant eventsRead MoreViolent Media And The Aggressive Generation1116 Words   |  5 PagesMatthew Taylor Ms. Cowburn AP Language 12 June 2017 Violent Media and The Aggressive Generation It Has Established The creation of visual and active forms of media has caused debate and discussion over the effects it has on the brain. The effects of media on the brain are of concern regarding children specifically, as their minds are still developing. Questions of the severity and impact have intrigued parents, scientists, and lawmakers. The first committee on this issue, the Surgeon GeneralsRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Percy Jackson And Gilgamesh1518 Words   |  7 PagesLightning Thief and the Epic of Gilgamesh have heroes as their protagonists. Those protagonists, Percy Jackson and Gilgamesh, have similarities and differences, which can be used to see how humanity’s view of the concept of a hero has changed over the last three-thousand and two-hundred years. The differences in their qualifications for heroic qualities, both traditional and modern, highlights how humanity’s viewpoint of what it means to be a hero has changed. Way back when, in ancient Mesopotamia ,Read MoreEssay about Gender Role In Social Construction1180 Words   |  5 Pagesshould play in today’s society. These may not be the professions of choice for the individuals, but what the individual believes is socially acceptable. â€Å"Most of the behavior associated with gender is learned rather than innate†(Chandler 5). People begin to learn what is right and wrong (according to the community) from the earliest of ages. The media contributes to social construction, as women and men are almost always portrayed in a stereotypical manner. By examining the way the media is presented

The Industrial Revolution Essay - 972 Words

Conditions of laborers and the role of women in society has been constantly evolving over the course of history. However, these two major groups experienced the most drastic alterations during the Industrial Revolution. Between the 19th and early 20th centuries, laborers diversified in age, while labor conditions declined. During this same time period, the role of women was reinvented as females searched for work and changed their role within the family. To begin, industrialization was the instigator of mass factory production across the globe. The increase in factories meant the increase of job opportunities. Since poverty was rampant at this time, a mass of people looked to the factories in search of work, even though factory owners†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, â€Å"By the 1830s the normal working day...was considered to be 12 hours...though longer hours might be worked by children in domestic workshops (Hopkins, 55).† This shows the exact extremes to which laborers worked; half of his or her day was literally spent in the factory. To continue, as the Industrial Revolution progressed, woman began to revolutionize their own roles within the workforce. â€Å"...the impetus of technology, science and medicine freed women from the biological constraints, opening up new job opportunities (Oxley, and Nicholas 724).† Not only could women now go out and seek employment, but they had the opportunity to shake the age-old tradition of a woman being caged within the walls of her own home. However, â€Å"...trades employing woman involved irregular employment, long hours, and poor pay (Oxley, and Nicholas, 739).† Woman had the opportunity to work, but most of the time they were better off staying at home due to the poor working conditions. Also, because of the Industrial Revolution, womans role within the family began to change. â€Å"Declining job opportunities in the paid labor market diminished the power of woman in the family, limiting their rights to intrahousehold resources... (Oxley, and Nicholas 739).† Women were now not only less appreciated in the workforce, but their inability to maintain steady employment could also end up diminishingShow MoreRelatedIndustrial Of The Industrial Revolution1666 Words   |  7 PagesMartinez English IV, 1st hour 4/29/16 The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution set people away from farms and small villages and moved them to cities and towns because of the job opportunities that arose in the cities. The Industrial Revolution not only helped people move along in the late 1700s and early 1800s but also it has made the people what they are today. During the Industrial Revolution, the movement from an agrarian society to an industrial one reshaped the roles of families, widenRead MoreThe Revolution Of The Industrial Revolution917 Words   |  4 PagesWhen thinking of the industrial revolution, I usually correlate this transitional period to great advancements in machinery, and an increase in jobs. However, after looking past the surface of the industrial revolution, in regards to the promise of great wealth, this promise was not kept, along with other issues. I believe that a â€Å"better life† would mean that people would not have to go through the same struggles they once did before the revolution, struggles such as not having a job, money, homeRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution943 Words   |  4 PagesThe Industrial Revolution, a Revolution that began in Britain in the nineteenth century, saw people move from working in the farming industry to working in factories. This transition from an agrarian society meant that many people moved to cities in search of jobs. New methods of manufacturing allowed goods to be produced far more cheaply and quickly than before. However, the Revolution came with its own negative consequences. The lives of children during the Industrial Revolution were torturousRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution1633 Words   |  7 Pagesmeans of communication, factories to manufacture the products you need, places to work, and ways to travel and transport goods. And what made these possible? The answer is the Industrial Revolution, which started in Europe around the year 1730. A revolution is a major change or turning point in something. The Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in history and in the way people lived. Their careers, living situations, location, values, and daily routines all changed, and they needed it desperatelyRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution1097 Words   |  5 PagesBefore the advent of the Industrial Revolution, most people resided in small, rural communities where their daily existences revolved around farming. Life for the average person was difficult, as incomes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced the bulk of their own food, clothing, furniture and tools. Most manufacturing was done in homes or small, rural shops, using hand tools or simple machines. Did You Know? The word luddite refers to a person who is opposedRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution1090 Words   |  5 PagesShort Term Misery†¦ Long Term Gain There are two major industrializations that have occurred through out history, both which began in England. The Industrial Revolution was from 1750 until 1800. The first and second industrialization were filled with many inventions, new societal ideas, new raw materials, new sources of power, also new ideas and societal implements were made enabling the world and society to evolve. Overall these industrialization was filled with death, neglect, and disease but endedRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution936 Words   |  4 Pageseconomist Robert Emerson Lucas wrote in regards to the Industrial revolution: For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth. The novelty of the discovery that a human society has this potential for generating sustained improvement in the material aspects of the lives of all its members, not just the ruling elite, cannot be overstressed.† (Lucas 2002). The revolution itself was ce ntred in Britain before spreading to theRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution705 Words   |  3 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was the quintessence of capitalistic ideals; it bred controversy that led to Karl Marx’s idea of communism as a massive grass roots reaction to the revolution’s social abuses. Firstly, the Industrial Revolution featured the construction of machines, systems and factories that allowed goods to be manufactured at a faster rate with a lower cost. The seed drill made it so there could be â€Å"a semi-automated, controlled distribution and plantation of wheat seed†(Jones 2013). SecondlyRead MoreIndustrial Revolution1160 Words   |  5 Pagesend of the 19th century, a significant change took place in the fundamental structure of the economy. That change was industrialization. During this time period, the United States of America changed from a large, agricultural country, to an urban industrial society. The process of industrialization began to take place in America, and eventually took over the economy during this period. Entrepreneurs and inventors put together various machines and businesses to help better the country function on aRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Essay2099 Words   |  9 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was one of the largest social and cultural movements that changed the methods of manufacturing of metal and textiles, the transportation system, economic policies and social structure as well. Before the Industrial Revolution, people used to live by season due to agriculture. They thrived on whatever food was in season. Now, as a result of the Industrial Revolution, we live regimented and almost everything that is made, is mass produced. I will discuss three major topics

Zizek on Ideology and the Relationship Between Ideology and “The Real” Free Essays

Zizek on Ideology and the Relationship Between Ideology and â€Å"The Real† ` CMNS 410 Professor Rick Gruneau December 13, 2011 Zizek on Ideology and the Relationship Between Ideology and â€Å"The Real† Slavoj Zizek is one of the leading theorists on ideology since the 1990’s and his conceptions of the real versus the symbolic versus the imagined are of particular importance when dissecting the question ‘what is ideology? Zizek’s critique of ideology and attempt to unpack it’s inner workings is fascinating, he is a powerful intellectual who aims to expose the †fake† workings of society. In this paper I will outline Zizek’s definition and approach to the study of ideology, paying particular attention to the relationships he draws between ideology and â€Å"the real,† as opposed to â€Å"the imagined† and â€Å"the symbolic†. Zizek opens the book Mapping Ideology (1994) with the introduction â€Å"The Sp ectre of Ideology†, where he defines and openly criticizes the idea of ideology and its illusory personality. We will write a custom essay sample on Zizek on Ideology and the Relationship Between Ideology and â€Å"The Real† or any similar topic only for you Order Now First he presents us with the idea that ideology is a sort of matrix, â€Å"a generative matrix that regulates the relationship between visible and non-visible, imaginable and non-imaginable, as well as changes in that relationship† (italics mine, p. 1). He further explains not everything that seems to be ideological, necessarily is, claiming that unless there is a link to power relations in the social realm he does not consider something to be ideological. He points out that sometimes what we consider to be ideological in fact is not; but also how at other times, things which we may not perceive to be ideological, actually maintain a very strong ideological orientation. He states that the â€Å"starting point of the critique of ideology has to be the full acknowledgment of the fact that it is easily possible to lie in the guise of truth† – ideology that is – and this is an important realization for it ispels a common misconception we have of ideology, especially here in the west that, ideology is about lying or misleading others and society. Instead Zizek posits the idea that the content of a message is not what makes it ideological, but instead it is the â€Å"the way this content is related to the subjective position implied by its own process of enunciation† that makes it so (Zizek 1994, p. 8). In other words, regardless of whether the content (of a message or object or interaction) is true or false, it becomes ideological the moment that content functions to achieve â€Å"some relation of social domination† and even more importantly, he adds â€Å"in an inherently non-transparent way†, reiterating that often times ideology is in fact of a misleading nature but not necessarily in content (italics mine, p. 8); it is from this standpoint that we can begin to understand and critique the concept of ideology. It is important to note here, although Zizek stresses the importance of recognizing dynamics of power relations (rather than content) which constitutes ideology, he warns this can also be disadvantageous if it reduces â€Å"the cognitive value of the term ‘ideology’ and makes it into a mere expression of social circumstances† (p. 9). Considering this, as Gerofsky (2010) explains, Zizek takes on Hegel’s theory of the triad as a heuristic for further developing the theory of ideology, which is something I will address later in this paper, after we go a little bit deeper in defining ideology. According to Zezik then, a necessary condition for something to be ideological is that there must be a relation or motivation to power in some way, and it must be done so in a way which is not apparent to the addressees (Zizek, 1994). However this is a rather general and overarching consideration when defining the term ideology and it is important to deconstruct the term even further before we proceed in analyzing its inner workings and effect on society. Zizek states â€Å"ideology is a systematically distorted communication: a text in which under the influence of unavowed social interests (of domination, etc. a gap separates its ‘official,’ public meaning from its actual intention – that is to say, â€Å"we are dealing with an unreflected tension between the explicit enunciated content of the text and its pragmatic presuppositions† (Zizek, 1994, p. 10). Ideology is a system, he argues, of principles, views, theories â€Å"destined to convince us of its ‘truth’, yet actually serving some unavowed particular power interest† (p. 10). An example Zizek presents to illustrate this point is the way media portrayed the conflict and cause of the Bosnian war. News coverage consisted of innumerable accounts of the histories of not only Yugoslavia but â€Å"the entire history of the Balkan’s from medieval times† (p. 5). This incredible amount of information, of the struggles and relations between Bosnia and other countries over decades, if not centuries, gives audiences the impression that they must know and understand all the background information of this issue if they are to have an opinion on it or take sides, again presenting countless hours of information and debate on the issue. Zizek explains that although this is a sort of inversion of what we normally constitute as ideological messaging, and it is unlike the misrepresentation and incessant demonization of Saddam Hussein which was circulated to give justice to entering into the Iraq war, the Bosnian war ideological messaging that took place is in fact â€Å"more cunning,† the over exaggerated and false demonization of Saddam Hussein. ecause â€Å"to put it somewhat crudely, the ‘evocation of the complexity of circumstances’ serves to [defer] us from the responsibility to act† (p. 5). He explains that instead of withholding information (as the media most often does), or misrepresenting information (Saddam Hussein), in the case of the Bosnian war the media over saturates audiences with information to the point of immobilizing them to make a decision or take action against the fact that this war is spurred by political, economic and monetary power interests. Zizek explains the purpose of going into war was portrayed as a need to improve unacceptable human rights conditions in the country, and although human rights conditions may very well be unacceptable in that country, and then improve as a result of the invasion, the true motivations for that war (power, domination, money) were kept hidden. This also illustrates the point made earlier about ideology not necessarily needing to be false in its information, but rather hidden in motive, for the information they presented was by no means false or limited, it was excessive, which proves to be just as debilitating a strategy on the general public. Zizek’s examples and definitions of ideology discussed above demonstrate the division of ideology from Marx’s false consciousness theory (Gerofsky, 2010), but perhaps one of the most important classifications Zizek makes in the realm of ideology, is its connection to dislocation (dislocating truth from falsity) and how this relates to the idea of â€Å"the Real† (Stavrakakis,1997). Coming from the Lacanian theoretical background, the concept of Real versus Symbolic versus Imaginary is an integral part of Zizek’s theory, one which sets him apart from traditional conceptions of ideology. The question of the Real also cannot be separated from the dislocation and presentation of the truth, so these two must be considered together in asserting the concept of ideology. Zizek’s Real draws attention to a fascinating idea, that there is a difference between what is actually real in our world and what is simply a created real by our social structure and by society (Stavrakakis, 1997). The Real, the true real, is â€Å"the part of our world as revealed in our experience, which escapes our attempts to symbolize and represent it in a final way† (1997, p. ). The real is the raw and unstructured experience of what is not yet symbolized or imaged by our social structure, by language, by symbols, and it in fact cannot be symbolized in such a way. Unlike the social reality, the true Real is impossible to represent, explains Stavrakaki of Zizek’s theory, impossible to master or symbolize, whereas the social reality is nothing but symbolism and our desire to categ orize any part of our experience into a definition or material conception of some sort. The real is not only opposed to what is â€Å"socially constructed† as real, the symbolic, but also it is even farther removed from the imaginary, which falls farthest away on the spectrum, from true reality. The symbolic comes closer to the Real but there is still a gap and something will always be missing from the symbolic real for language can never be a full representation of the real, the true Real however is always in its place. The symbolic real, however is still of importance to Zizek, for it plays the largest role in our society and is perhaps the integral component to ideology in the most general sense. The symbolic, although generally in the dimension of lauguage, Lacan (who’s theories Zizek has based his own theories of ideology on) does not describe the symbolic as solely equal to language, because linguistiscs are also present in the realm of the imaginary sphere (Lucaites Biesecker, 1998). The symbolic rather, is about the relationship to the â€Å"Other†, it is about difference and the signifiers which create a symbolic order. For Lacan the symbolic is characterized by the absence of any fixed relations between signifier and signified† (Lucaites Biesecker, 1998). Lastly there is the realm of the imaginary, when Lacan discusses this stage he refers to the formation of the ego. Identification is an important part of the imaginary, for â€Å"the ego is formed by identifying with the counterpart or specular image† (Lucaites Biesecker, 1998). The ego, fundamentally narcissistic, is centered on identification with alienation and this alienation is another feature of the imaginary. The imaginary is most fundamentally, however, a constitution of surface appearances, ones which are formed in deception as part of the social order. Going back to Zizek’s theory on ideology, he suggests that one of the most problematic areas of the concept, is that we as theorists, try to escape from the grip of ideology in order to observe the world from an objective position, however the moment we feel we have managed to take up a position of truth, from which we can condemn the lie of an ideology, we instantly fall back into the grip of ideology again because our understanding of the concept is structured on a binary arrangement, which is constantly playing on this relationship between reality and ideology. It is such the issue of ideology, that the moment we feel we are in the realm of truth, at last, we are in fact instantly back into the ideological exchange, without recognizing it (Stavrakakis, 1997). Zezik does not offer a solution to this, however he offers a way to counter the problem, and this is where the concept of the Real (vs Symbolic vs Imaginary) comes into play, to help us recognize and step outside the atmosphere of ideology that surrounds us. Instead of the binary relationship between reality and ideology, now there is a three way relationship. Zizek favours the Real over the other two constructs because he argues, the symbolic, although it is representing â€Å"reality† it is in fact where â€Å"fiction assumes the guise of truth† (Stavrakakis, p. 3), and the imaginary construct, is of course even farther away from that reality, therefore the Real should be the focus of our understanding. The Real is the â€Å"only non-ideological position available,† and although Zizek does not claim to offer access to the â€Å"objective truth of things†, he explains we must begin with assuming the existence of ideology in every aspect of our society, and to take up an actively critical attitude towards it. This Stavrakakis argues is the main goal of Zizek’s theory, to expose the need for constant critique of the ideological realm, especially in a time where our society has proclaimed that ideology is a thing of the past and no longer relevant in today’s world. Zizek’s theory of ideology is a contemporary one which moves beyond traditional definitions of this concept and is not concerned with the way ideological practices worked in the past and in history, instead he is intrigued with the here and now and argues strongly that the concept of ideology is far from extinct in today’s society – contrary to what many would like to believe. And he explains that rather than discarding the notion completely, what we need to do to understand today’s politics in a completely new way of looking at it and defining what it means to be in ideological space and time. Those who believe we are past the concept of ideology, he argues, are in an â€Å"archeological fantasy† and this is only a sign of the greater ability of ideology to ingrain itself without our recognition. In some of his famous presentations Zizek talks about the ideological meaning ingrained even in the simplest of human object and appliances, ones we don’t even recognize contain an ideological message. His famous example, and one he self critically acknowledges to be some sort of anal fixation which he needs to address, is the example of toilets and how they are constructed in different ideological environments. In France he explains, toilets are constructed with the hole at the back, so that when used, the excrement falls directly in the hole and disappears; he equates this with France’s extremely liberal ideology – out of sight out of mind. In Germany, the toilets are constructed with the hole at the front, in a way that holds the excrement on a shelf (not in water or instantly disappearing) but rather in a way for the individual to see and observe the specimen for worms and any other diseases; he explains this is indicative of the strongly onservative ideology of Germany, where everything is business and completed as necessary. In the Anglo-Saxon world, specifically in America, he explains toilets are somewhere in between, when used the excrement falls in the water but still remains, it is not completely hidden but also not completely displayed; this shows the median position the Anglo-Saxon society usually takes on, not too extreme in either respect (Zizek presentation, You tube. com). This rather disgusting but nonetheless interesting observation does an excellent job of portraying his theory on ideology. First, ideology is very much still at play in our society and should be actively observed and considered (in order to minimize any negative and violent effects it may pertain), and secondly, in order to even be able to recognize the workings of ideology in our everyday lives, we have step outside of our customary reality to which we are so well accustomed to, for this symbolic reality is not the Real, and in taking ourselves out of the imaginary and symbolic which appears to be truth and reality, we can then perhaps attempt to get a true glimpse of what he calls the Real. References Gerofsky, S. (2010). The impossibility of ‘real-life’ word problems (according to Bakhtin, Lacan, Zizek and Baudrillard). Discourse: Studies In The Cultural Politics Of Education, 31(1), 61-73. doi:10. 1080/01596300903465427 Lucaites, J. , Biesecker, B. A. (1998). Rhetorical Studies and the ‘New Psychoanalysis: What’s the Real Problem? Or Framing the Problem of the Real. Quarterly Journal Of Speech, 84(2), 222. Stavrakakis, Y. (1997). Ambiguous ideology and the Lacanian twist. Journal of the Centre for Freudian Analysis and Research, 8, 117-30. Zizek, S. (1994a). The spectre of ideology. In S. Zizek (Ed. ), Mapping ideology (pp. 1-33). London New York: Verso. How to cite Zizek on Ideology and the Relationship Between Ideology and â€Å"The Real†, Papers

The Rise of Single Party State in Russia

Introduction Russia is the biggest country in the world with its capital Moscow city. It was initially called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics that existed between 1922 and 1991. It consisted of Russia, Armenia, Moldova, Lithuania, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Estonia and several other countries (D’Agostino 45). After 1991, the USSR was dissolved into the many nations we know today.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise of Single Party State in Russia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The communist state in Russia was formed after the overthrow of the monarch that had ruled the country for several decades. There are several reasons that led to the revolution that overthrew the rule of Romanov of the Tsar dynasty, rulers of Russia since 1613. The Tsars ruled Russia under a fundamental law that gave the monarch dictatorial power claiming that such a ruler was ordained by God himself. The rule of the empire was composed of three main bodies (Daniels 74). The first important arm of the ruling government was the Cabinet of Ministers that run the government and the various departments. The second arm was the Imperial Court, which was a group of advisors reporting directly to the Tsars. Finally, there was the Senate that supervised the operation of the law (Manfred 45). The outcome of this tyrannical rule was widespread poverty and a totally failed economy. Their total failure by the leadership of the state failed to address the extremely poor social economic state of the country. The literacy level of the peasant population was the lowest when compared to the neighbouring countries. Politically, Russia was extremely backward in terms setting up a stable political system. Russia had no parliament, political parties were outlawed and any attempt to undermine the rule of the emperor was punishable by death (Mirza 102). The regimes’ secret police called the Okhrana was tasked with enf orcing the oppressive law of the country. This resulted in the eventual uprising of the people of Russia against the leadership. The educated elites of the country saw that they were deliberately alienated by the monarch. Thus, they started a revolutionary call for a change of leadership. This group of revolutionaries considered themselves socialists, who followed the philosophy of the great German philosopher Karl Max. Lenin was the first of such intellect and began a party called the Russian Social Democratic Party while in exile in Finland. These Marxists were argumentative with others seeking a social country while the others wanted a strong industrially developed Russia (Tucker 45). In 1903, the Lenin party split into two, with one forming the Bolsheviks while the other formed the Mensheviks.Advertising Looking for essay on eastern europe? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The struggle for a new Russia continued until 1917 when the country was deep at war. Russia decided to go into world war one for three main reasons. The first reason, perhaps the most important reason for Russia’s involvement in the war, was that Germany was fast becoming a powerful nation. The leaders of Russia feared that if Germany won the war, it would be unified into the powerful nation of Europe and the world. Such an outcome would have spelt doom for Russia. Secondly, the formation of the Austria- Hungary nation also introduced an upcoming powerhouse at the Russia‘s doorstep. The Ottoman Empire of Turkey, which was an ally of Russia, was in constant decline and this was not good for Russia (Brovkin 145). These circumstances forced the leadership in Russia to go into war thus the concentration of fighting internal aggression reduced. This gave the revolutionaries the opportunity to consolidate their forces and drive the idea of revolution in the minds of the people of Russia. Eventually on October 27, 1917, the emperor of Russia was overthrown together with the provincial government. They did so in the banner of ‘All Power to the Soviets’ (Manfred 198). However, even as they took power, a fierce war against Germany resumed in 1918. The disagreement between Lenin and Trotsky did not do well to end the war. While the two men wanted an end to the war, Trotsky was quite reluctant. However, in the end a treaty called the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed ending the war for the soviets. As soon as the Bolsheviks took over the leadership of Russia, Lenin did not waste time in consolidating power. However, the Bolsheviks could not do this immediately. First, Russia was still engaged in World War I with a force declining in morale and equipment. Secondly, the followers of the old regime were still influential; thus, the Bolsheviks were simply fighting to survive (Manfred 78). To do this, Lenin decided to consolidate the Bolsheviks party by having its leader as elected persons. Such e lected member would assume leadership position. This strategy would distribute the power of the country to many parts of the country by having the Bolsheviks membership in every part of the country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise of Single Party State in Russia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The important measure Lenin might have undertaken was the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. As to any assembly that would be formed, Lenin was totally against the idea of a democratic assembly. It was his view that a democracy would wash away the influence of the Bolsheviks. Thus, when the Constituent Assembly met in 1918, it was dissolved at gunpoint following the orders of Lenin (Streissguth 78). The second measure that Lenin considered vital was the issue of landownership and the problems associated with tyrannical property owners. One main undoing of the monarch was giving absolute power to property ow ners over peasants. Thus, Lenin understood well that property owners did not have room in the new Russia. At the same time, giving full ownership of the land to the peasants was not possible. Thus in the 1917 Land Decree, Lenin declared that no private ownership of land and that all land would become the property of the people (Manfred 78). There was also a similar decree about factories in the Russia. Worker had taken the ownership of factories after the 1917 revolution. Thus, Lenin did take away the factories but forms committee that look to the running of the factories. The workers were to elect members to such a committee and that order was to be maintained at the work place. Lenin also formed a new police force referred to as the Cheka. The new force was to be more organized and efficient as compared to the Okhrana. The new force was also mandated with destroying any anti-revolution forces. However, this mandate was widely defined by the Bolsheviks who misused the Cheka to the ir advantage (Brovkin 148). As the new rulers took control of the country, they introduced a policy called the War Communism. This policy involved the nationalization of all industry and centralization of all output. It also sought to get rid of the free exchange of money as well as eliminating private enterprise (Streissguth 78). In conclusion, Lenin was a revolutionary with great ideas. His communism ideals were based on Marxism. He started one of the greatest communist states to have emerged. He set a good ground for Joseph Stalin to rule with absolute power for several decades. He died in of stroke in 1924.Advertising Looking for essay on eastern europe? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Brovkin, Vladimir. Russia after Lenin: politics, culture and society, 1921-1929. New York: Routledge, 1998. Print. Daniels, Vincent. The rise and fall of Communism in Russia. New York: Yale University Press, 2007. Print. D’Agostino, Anthony. The Rise of Global Powers: International Politics in the Era of the World Wars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Print. Manfred, Steger. The rise of the global imaginary: political ideologies from the French Revolution to the global war on terror. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print. Mirza, Rocky. The Rise and Fall of the American Empire: A Re-Interpretation of History, Economics and Philosophy: 1492-2006. New York: Trafford Publishing, 2007. Print. Streissguth, Thomas. The rise of the Soviet Union. London: Greenhaven Press, 2002. Print. Tucker, Robert. Stalinism: essays in historical interpretation. New York: Transaction Publishers, 1999. Print. This essay on The Rise of Single Party State in Russia was written and submitted by user Quinton U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.